How to Identify an American Elm Tree: Bark, Leaves, and Other Features

American Elm trees (Ulmus americana) are majestic, iconic trees that once lined the streets of many American cities. Known for their distinctive vase-like shape and graceful arching branches, these trees have unfortunately been decimated by Dutch elm disease in recent decades. However, there are still healthy American Elm trees to be found in parks, forests, and urban areas. If you’re interested in identifying these beautiful trees, this guide will help you recognize them by examining their bark, leaves, and other key features.

Bark

One of the most distinctive features of the American Elm tree is its bark. When young, the bark of an American Elm is typically smooth and grayish-green. As the tree matures, the bark becomes rougher and develops deep furrows and ridges. These ridges often create a diamond-shaped pattern that sets the American Elm apart from other tree species.

Another characteristic feature of the American Elm’s bark is its corky wings. These corky outgrowths on the branches and trunk resemble small wings or flanges and are a key identifying trait of this species. The wings are more pronounced on younger branches and can help differentiate the American Elm from other types of elm trees.

Leaves

The leaves of the American Elm tree are another useful identifier. The leaves are oval-shaped with serrated edges and a pointed tip. They have a double-toothed margin, meaning each tooth has smaller teeth along its edge. The leaves are typically dark green in color and have a rough texture on the upper surface.

American Elm leaves are arranged alternately on the stem, with each leaf attached to a short petiole. The leaves are asymmetrical at the base and have a lopsided appearance when compared to some other elm species’ leaves.

Flowers and Seeds

American Elm trees produce small, inconspicuous flowers that appear in early spring before the leaves emerge. The flowers are purplish-red in color and grow in clusters at the tips of twigs. These flowers are wind-pollinated and may not be very noticeable unless you look closely.

After pollination, female American Elm trees produce seeds encased in a winged samara. These samaras resemble small oval-shaped fruits with a flattened seed inside that allows for wind dispersal. The seeds are light brown in color and are dispersed by the wind during late spring or early summer.

Branches and Habit

American Elm trees have a distinctive vase-like shape with long arching branches that create a graceful silhouette. The branches tend to grow outward and then curve upward at the ends, giving the tree its characteristic form. The branches are often covered with corky wings, especially when the tree is young.

The overall habit of an American Elm tree is tall and upright, with a broad canopy that provides ample shade. These trees can grow to impressive heights of up to 100 feet or more under optimal conditions, making them a dominant presence in the landscape.

Habitat and Distribution

American Elm trees are native to eastern North America and can be found growing in a variety of habitats, including forests, floodplains, meadows, and urban areas. They prefer moist, well-drained soils but can tolerate a range of soil types. These trees are often found growing alongside rivers or streams but can also thrive in urban environments where they provide shade and beauty.

Unfortunately, Dutch elm disease has had a significant impact on American Elm populations throughout their range. This devastating fungal disease is spread by beetles and has led to widespread mortality among American Elm trees since the early 20th century. Despite this threat, there are still healthy stands of American Elms that can be admired for their beauty and resilience.

In conclusion, identifying an American Elm tree involves looking closely at its bark, leaves, flowers, seeds, branches, and overall habit. By familiarizing yourself with these key features, you can confidently recognize this iconic tree species in various landscapes. While Dutch elm disease has taken a toll on American Elm populations, there are still opportunities to appreciate these majestic trees and contribute to their conservation efforts for future generations to enjoy.